The social transformation of American medicine

Book one. A sovereign profession: the rise of medical authority and the shaping of the medical system

Introduction: The social origins of professional sovereignty

The roots of authority: Dependence and legitimacy ; Cultural authority and occupational control

Steps in transformation: The growth of medical authority ; From authority to economic power ; Strategic position and the defense of autonomy

Chapter one. Medicine in a democratic culture, 1760-1850

Domestic medicine

Professional medicine: From England to America ; Professional education on an open market ; The frustration of professionalism

The medical counterculture: Popular medicine ; The Thomsonians and the frustration of anti-professionalism

The eclipse of legitimate complexity

Chapter two. The expansion of the market

The emerging market before the Civil War

The changing ecology of medical practice: The local transportation revolution ; Work, time, and the segregation of disorder

The market and professional autonomy

Chapter three. The consolidation of professional authority, 1850-1930

Physicians and social structure in mid-nineteenth-century America: Class ; Status ; Powerlessness

Medicine's Civil War and reconstruction: The origins of medical sectarianism ; Conflict and convergence ; Licensing and organization

Medical education and the restoration of occupational control: Reform from above ; Consolidating the system ; The aftermath of reform

The retreat of private judgment: Authority over medication ; Ambiguity and competence ; The renewal of legitimate complexity

Chapter four. The reconstitution of the hospital

The inner transformation: Hospitals before and after 1870 ; The making of the modern hospital

The triumph of the professional community

The pattern of the hospital system: Class, politics, and ethnicity ; The peculiar bureaucracy

Chapter five. The boundaries of public health

Public health, private practice: The dispensary and the limits of charity ; Health departments and the limits of government

From reform to the checkup: The modernization of dirt and the new public health ; The prevention of health centers

Chapter six. Escape from the corporation, 1900-1930

Professional resistance to corporate control: Company doctors and medical companies ; Consumers' clubs ; The origins and limits of private group practice

Capitalism and the doctors: Why no corporate enterprise in medical care? ; Professionalism and the division of labor ; The economic structure of American medicine

Book two. The struggle for medical care: doctors, the state and the coming of the corporation

Chapter one. The mirage of reform

A comparative perspective: The origins of social insurance ; Why America lagged

Grand illusions, 1915-1920: The democratization of efficiency ; Labor and capital versus reform ; Defeat comes to the progressives

Evolution in defeat, 1920-1932

The New Deal and health insurance, 1932-1943: The making of social security ; The Depression, welfare medicine, and the doctors ; A second wind

Symbolic politics, 1943-1950: Socialized medicine and the Cold War ; Three times denied

Chapter two. The triumph of accommodation

The birth of the blues, 1929-1945: The emergence of the Blue Cross ; Holding the line ; The physicians' shield

The rise of private social security, 1945-1959: Enter the unions ; A struggle for control ; The growth of prepaid group practice ; The commercial edge

The accommodation of insurance

Chapter three. The liberal years

Aid and autonomy, 1945-1960: Public investment in science ; The tilt toward the hospital

The structural impact of postwar policy: The new structure of opportunity ; The new structure of power

Redistribution without reorganization, 1961-1969: The liberal opportunity ; Redistributive reform and its impact ; The politics of accommodation

Chapter four. End of a mandate

Losing legitimacy, 1970-1974: Discovery of a crisis ; The contradictions of accommodation ; The generalization of rights ; The conservative assimilation of reform

Health policy in a blocked society, 1975-1980: An obstructed path ; The generalization of doubt ; The liberal impasse

The reprivatization of the public household

Chapter five. The coming of the corporation

Zero-sum medical practice: The doctor "surplus" and competition ; Collision course

The growth of corporate medicine: Elements of the corporate transformation ; The consolidation of the hospital system ; The decomposition of voluntarism ; The trajectory of organization

Doctors, corporations, and the state

Epilogue. Chain reactions, 1982-2016

Cycle 1: The rise and retreat of managed care, 1982-2000: The revolt of the payers ; The ordeal of reform in the 1990s ; Turning toward monopoly I

Cycle 2: Market fantasies and market power, 2001-2016: Putting consumers at risk ; The ordeal of reform in the 2000s ; Turning toward monopoly II

Medical care in a new environment: Corporate bound? ; The elusive promise of innovation.